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The Female Reproductive System
Each woman is born with two ovaries that are positioned in her pelvis. These oval-shaped organs produce one egg per month in response to the woman’s monthly cycle of hormones. Generally, one ovary produces one egg one month and the other ovary produces an egg the next month. There are exceptions to this general rule. A few women inherit a disposition to release multiple eggs during a cycle. If these eggs get fertilized, the children born are fraternal twins. Identical twins are the result of a single fertilized egg dividing, early in development, into two children. A woman past the age of 30 is more likely to give birth to twins than a younger woman. The drugs used to treat infertility in women can also cause the release of multiple eggs.
The official name for the female egg is an ovum. Each ovum is stored in compartments in the ovaries which are called ovarian follicles. A woman is born with all the ovum she will ever have – about 200,000 in each ovary. No additional eggs are produced during a woman’s life. During her lifetime, a woman will typically release 400 to 500 eggs.
The eggs are released by breaking out of the outer edge of the ovary. Usually this minute wound, called a cyst, heals without any discomfort, but a few women experience discomfort. Some only experience discomfort when they become pregnant. The hormones released because of pregnancy interfere with the healing process. This condition is known as having a cyst of pregnancy.
The ovaries are also the source of female hormones called estrogens. The hormones vary on a roughly monthly cycle. The variation of the hormones regulate when a egg is released, gives time for the fertilized egg to grow, or flushes the lining of the uterus if there is not fertilized egg present.
Near each ovary is a small, thin tube called the fallopian tube. The end near the ovaries fans out into finger-like extensions called fimbria. These fingers collect the egg when it is released and directs it down the fallopian tube. It takes several days for the egg to move through the tube. It is in the fallopian tube where the sperm meets the eggs and fertilization occurs.
The internal diameter of the tube is very narrow, and in rare instances a fertilized egg may not make it through the tube to the uterus. Instead, the child begins to develop within the tube. This is known as a tubal pregnancy. In such cases, the woman will experience sharp pains in her abdomen. The fallopian tubes do not have the capacity to hold a growing baby. If something is not done quickly, the tubes will burst and the mother will bleed to death internally. Fortunately such events are rare, but any woman who could have become pregnant and experiences abdominal pain needs to see her doctor as quickly as possible.
The uterus is a pear-shaped, muscular organ about the size of a fist. It has the ability to stretch many times it size and it is designed to hold a developing child. Each month, prior to an egg being released from an ovary, a blood-rich lining forms on the interior of the uterus. If a fertilized egg becomes imbedded in the lining, it provides the nutrients for the child to grow. If the egg is not fertilized, the lining is sloughed off. It is the shedding of the endometrium lining that causes a woman’s monthly blood flow.
A woman’s body matures enough to allow a pregnancy to take place shortly before the time of her first menstrual period. However, all the support systems necessary to permit a child to fully develop are not in place for several more years. This is why girls who become pregnant before the age of 16 have a 40-times greater risk of dying during childbirth. They are also more likely to give birth to premature babies. A woman should wait until she is fully developed (around the age of 18) before she marries and begins to have children.
The cervix is the narrow opening, about the diameter of a pencil, at the bottom of the uterus. Normally cervix remains open. However, when a child begins to develop in the uterus, a mucus plug forms in the cervix, which helps to isolate the developing child from diseases. As the time for birth approaches, the cervix begins to open. Doctors measure the diameter of the opening to estimate how soon the child will be born. Just before birth, the cervix will widen to 10 centimeters.
The vagina is an elastic tube which connects the uterus to the outside world. It contains many folds which allow it to change both diameter and length. Normally the vagina is about 3 to 4 inches in length. During sexual intercourse, the uterus tilts and the vagina lengthen to accommodate the husband’s penis. This is a learned response. It typically takes several months before the wife’s body automatically makes the appropriate adjustments.
The vagina, which is normally about an inch in diameter, must stretch wide enough to allow a baby to pass through during birth. After birth, it takes a few weeks for the vagina to regain its normal size. Kegal exercises help to restore the size of the vagina. This same exercise also enhances the sexual experience. To locate the proper muscles, attempt to stop the flow of urine when you using the restroom. Once you are able to start and stop the urine flow by conscience thought, note the muscles you are using. During the day, tighten and relax the muscles for about three seconds ten times in a row. Your aim is to eventually reach the point where you can do ten sets during the day (though they do not need to be done all at once).
Glands line the vagina which produce a lubricating fluid during sexual stimulation. This lubrication is essential for the woman’s enjoyment of intercourse. The lubricating fluid allows the husband’s penis to move in and out of the vagina smoothly. Without the fluid, the walls of the vagina become irritated and can tear. It takes about 10 minutes of sexual foreplay for a wife to produce enough lubricating fluid to make intercourse enjoyable. Stress or anxiety can interfere with the production of these fluids. Also, just prior to the wife’s next menstrual cycle, these glands do not function well. For these times, a small tube of water-based lubricants, such as K-Y Jelly, is handy to have on hand. Do not use an oil or petroleum-based lubricant as they will irritate the lining of the vagina.
Every woman is born with a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening. The amount of covering varies widely from one woman to the next. It is never completely covered, else there would be no place for the blood from the monthly menstrual periods to flow. The hymen is located about an inch inside the vulva at the entrance to the vagina.
Generally, must women’s hymen remains intact until their first experience of sexual intercourse. Because the penis is too large to fit through the opening (or openings) in the hymen, intercourse will tear the hymen, causing a small amount of pain and a small amount of bleeding. Evidence of this bleeding was one way people proved that a woman was a virgin when she married (Deuteronomy 22:13-21). Not all women bleed during their first experience at sex. These women might have been born with a small hymen, or the hymen may have been torn in the past such as during a vaginal exam by a doctor or by the careless use of tampons.
The vulva is the outer opening to the female reproductive system. It consists of two sets of lips. The outer lips are called the labia majora (major lips). They protect the access to the reproductive system. The pubic hair of a woman grows on the outer surface of the major lips, which is called the mons veneris. The inner lips are called the labia minora (minor lips). They are composed of softer tissue.
During sexual foreplay, arousal causes the major lips to swell and part. As sexual simulation continues, the minor lips also swell and part. Both lips will increase to two or three times their normal thickness. This swelling not only gives access to the vagina, but it also narrows the diameter of the opening. This “grips” the shaft of the penis providing additional stimulation for the husband and the wife as the penis is moved in and out of the vagina.
The clitoris is a very small organ located between the major and minor lips of the vulva, near the top where the two sides of the lips come together. The clitoris is about the size of a pea and is packed with highly sensitive nerve endings. The sole purpose of the clitoris is to give pleasure to the woman during sexual intercourse. Stimulation of the clitoris is necessary for a woman to reach orgasm.
A small flap of skin, known as the hood, covers the clitoris. When a woman becomes aroused, the hood withdraws, leaving the clitoris exposed to stimulation by touch. Actually, the clitoris is so sensitive, that any movement of the skins of the major or minor lips produces a pleasurable feeling in the woman. Direct or heavy stimulation of the clitoris is usually uncomfortable, much like the difference between a light touch on the skin versus an hard, heavy rub on the skin.
The breasts are the most noticeable part of the female anatomy. They contain milk glands, called mammary glands, which are surrounded by fatty tissue. Each breast has a dark area of skin called the areola which is sensitive to touch and temperature. In the center of each areola is a nipple.
The primary purpose of the breast is to provide mild for newborn infants. However, the breasts also produce pleasurable feelings when touched so they are also involved in sexual intercourse (Proverbs 5:19; Isaiah 66:11).
The size and shape of a woman’s breasts are determined by genetics. Regardless of a breast’s shape or size, they still function in the same manner. A woman’s breast size also varies over time. The most noticeable change comes during adolescence when the breasts first develop. However, they also change size in response to a woman’s monthly menstrual cycle. The changing hormones causes changes in the amount of water the female body holds in reserve, which in turn effects the size of a woman’s breasts. Since the breasts are mostly composed of fat tissue, any changes in a woman’s weight will also be noticeable in her breasts. When a woman becomes pregnant, the breasts expand as they gear up for milk production. Finally, as a woman ages, her skin loses its elasticity and frequently the breasts will begin to sag.
Breast cancer is a concern for older women. Each woman should check her breasts once a month, shortly after her period has ended. She should squeeze and massage her breasts to locate any lumps or swellings that have appeared since the previous month. The reason for examining the breasts after her period is that temporary lumps sometimes appear due to the changing hormones. By examining the breasts at a consistent time during the monthly menstrual cycle, a woman is less likely to confuse a temporary swelling for a significant change.
While examining the breasts, a woman should squeeze her and look for any discharge or liquid from them. Unless a woman is pregnant or breast feeding, her breasts should not be producing any liquid.
Each month, a woman’s body goes through a cycle of changes known as the menstrual cycle. The cycle begins in the teenage years and continues until a woman is in her fifties. When the monthly cycles have ended, called menopause, a woman is no longer able to have children.
The number of days in a menstrual cycle will vary. For younger women, the cycles tend to be more erratic and longer in duration. Generally, by the time a woman reaches her twenties, the cycles settle down to an average length of 28 days. However, at times a woman’s cycle can be as short as 14 days or as long as 32 days. Some very slim women or athletic women may skip a period. This is not a cause of concern unless it happens several months in a row.
Under the Old Testament Law, Israelite women were considered unclean during their menstrual period. Once her blood started flowing, she had to keep herself separated from other people for seven days (Leviticus 15:19-25). Anything she sat on or laid on were also considered unclean and any person touching these things would be unclean until evening. If her husband had sex with his wife during her period, he became unclean for seven days (Leviticus 15:24; 18:19; 20:18).
The laws of uncleanness taught the Israelites the nature of sin through physical examples. While breaking laws is sin, most of the events declared to be unclean were not sinful in and of themselves. For example, pigs are not sinful, but it was considered unclean (and a sin) to eat pork under the Law of Moses. Most of the things God selected as unclean are things we recognize today as common-sense health regulations – especially for a society that did not understand the full nature of disease and its spread. So while the primary purpose of the laws was to teach the people about the nature of sin, these same laws had a secondary effect of improving the health of the Israelite nation.
What Israel learned was that sin has consequences. Some of these consequences come from choice, such as the eating of pork, but others come from natural events over which a person has no choice, such as a woman’s monthly menstruation or a man’s nocturnal release of semen (Leviticus 19:16-18). Since everyone must experience things they have no control over, everyone was forced to learn these lessons. Another lesson that was taught is that sin and its consequences spread, even to those not directly involved in sin.
Some complain that God was unfair to women because she was unclean every month for seven days. They also point out that the birth of a girl required a longer period of separation than the birth of a boy (Leviticus 12:1-5). What is overlooked is that a man was unclean for one day after he released semen. Since this can and often happens multiple times during a month, it is possible for a man to be unclean for more than seven days during a month. In addition, since a boy child was to be circumcised on the eighth day, this additional flow of blood from the operation was considered a partial “payment” for the birth.
Since people did not have disposable sanitary napkins in those days, blood touched anything a woman sat or lied upon. Such places became potential breeding grounds for germs. If you read the regulations carefully, you will notice that each period of uncleanness ended with the washing of unclean objects and the person. The laws of uncleanness caused the Israelites to bathe frequently and clean things regularly. Isolation during times when the risk of disease was high reduced the spread of disease, keeping the health of the Israelites better than the general population.
The laws of uncleanness passed away with the rest of the Old Testament (Colossians 2:13-17). You do not have to separate yourself during your menstruation. However, the ideas of cleanliness to reduce diseases still make sense today. We still encourage women to change their pads or tampons frequently and to bathe often. It is just common-sense.
Your Questions:
Hi! I'm 28 years old and I have a seven-month-old baby. A few months after I had my baby I got pregnant again and I was bleeding a lot one day, like a bad period and chunks. Well, it turned out I was having a miscarriage, but to be sure the doctor referred me to another doctor who thought it was a possible ectopic pregnancy, where the baby is in my tube. They had me sign something saying I'm going to have surgery to remove it. Anyhow, they checked my tubes and nothing was there; it was just a miscarriage. Yesterday I was talking to a nurse at my clinic and she mentioned what I went through and she said it's possible that the doctor could have torn my tube while checking me for that and next time I get pregnant the baby might not make it if they are torn. Is it possible they could have torn me while checking ? I think they checked both tubes. Do you know anything about this?
An ectopic pregnancy means that the child began growing outside of the uterus. When this happens, it is most often in one of the tubes. Obviously, there is not enough space in the fallopian tubes to support a growing child, nor are the necessary nutrients available. The child will die, but the growing child in the meantime will exert pressure on the tube, causing pain and possible rupturing. Therefore, anytime a mother experiences pain or bleeding early in a pregnancy, it is a cause for concern.
The standard procedure is to locate the child using an ultrasound machine. The problem is that if the child is under six weeks, it is hard to spot because of its finite size. Thus, many times the child is not found and the doctor should have the mother return in a few days to have her hormone levels checked. If the hormones indicating pregnancy are decreasing, then it is safe to assume that a miscarriage has taken place. If the hormones continue to rise, then additional steps have to be taken. From your description, it sounds as if the doctor chose to do a laparoscopy, where a viewing tube is inserted through an incision in the abdominal wall into the uterus. This allows a direct view in each fallopian tube. You stated nothing was found, so no surgery was done on the tubes themselves.
Unless you are having complications, such as internal bleeding, it is highly unlikely that your tubes were torn. There is a small chance that walls of the tubes become roughened up from the viewing tube causing scar tissue to form. This scar tissue would make it difficult for future embryos to travel down the tube and thus increasing the chance of a tubal pregnancy. Whether this will be a problem in your case would remain to be seen. The nurse was probably talking about general possibilities. If you have concerns, talk with your gynecologist. She should be able to tell you exactly what was done and what the probabilities are for future complications. Most likely you will be cautioned to see the doctor on the least suspicion of being pregnant and having pain or bleeding.
I just experienced my first time at having sex. My hymen was torn and there was blood. The next time I have sex will there be blood again?
Congratulations on your recent marriage. Like any wound, it may take a few days for the tear to completely heal. If you have sex again in a short period of time, there might be a small amount of blood if the wound reopens, but nothing like the first time. There also might be a small amount of discomfort, but again, not like you felt the first time. Once the tear heals, however, the only blood you'll see is your normal menstrual flows and the discomfort will be completely gone.
I have irregular periods. It comes every two to three months. I want to conceive. How do I know my ovulation time? How much time should the husband's ejaculate remain in the wife's body to conceive?
The most common cause of irregular periods is not eating an adequate amount of food. If you are very thin and not eating enough, your body will have difficulty supporting a child anyway. So the first thing you need to do is start eating well.
Ovulation occurs two weeks before the time of your next period. It can be detected by taking your temperature in the morning with a highly accurate thermometer. Just before ovulation, a woman's morning temperature rises a half-degree for three days. Here is an article on natural family planning that describes this and other methods in more detail: "Natural Family Planning."
From the time of ejaculation, sperm from the husband enters the fallopian tubes in under twenty minutes. Even if some of the ejaculate flows out after intercourse, more than enough remains for the possibility of conception to take place. Sperm survives up to six days after intercourse in a woman's body, so as long as intercourse takes place within six days of ovulation, there is a possibility of becoming pregnant.
We are planning for baby. I have sharp pains near my fallopian tubes. Do you think is there anything serious? How will I know the answer?
I'm not certain how you are able to tell that you pain is from the fallopian tubes, most women are not able to be that precise concerning internal organs. However, sharp pains in the abdominal area need to be checked out immediately by a gynecologist, especially when you are attempting to get pregnant. The doctor will likely order a sonogram to see where, if any, a child is developing. Sharp pains could be caused by something benign, such as a cyst on the ovary not healing well because of the flux of hormones due to pregnancy (sometimes called a cyst of pregnancy). However, it is possible that a baby did not make it to the uterus after fertilization and has begun growing in a tube, which doesn't have room to spare. If the later is the case, it is a medical emergency because you can end up bleeding internally.
I would advise you to see a doctor as quickly as you can just so as to rule out the worse possible causes.
My last period was twenty-nine days ago. Eight days ago I had sex with my husband. He was wearing condom properly, but afterwards a small quantity of sperm was found on the outer edge of my vagina and at open part of condom. I suspect it is from my vagina, a whitish fluid sticking on the condom, but my husband suspects that it may be semen. We're fairly sure it was only at the entrance of the vagina and inside the vagina. I have not taken any pills.
We have sex two days later again using condoms. There was nothing suspicious this time. But there a possibility my husband got some semen on a condom while changing condoms.
After that I started taking MALA-D tablets to avoid pregnancy, but my husband still suspects I might be pregnant. I recently have indications that my period may come again in a few days.
Tell me, can I get pregnant? What is time that I am releasing an egg? Can a little sperm at the edge of the vagina create a problem? Can my vagina eject slightly whitish fluid?
There is no absolute guaranteed method to prevent pregnancy. Each method will decrease the odds, but they can not completely eliminate the possibility. See "Contraceptives" for more details.
Depending on the point in your menstrual cycle, yes it is possible that some vaginal fluid can take on a thicker and whitish look. It can also happen if you are dealing with a yeast infection in your vagina. However, if it was vaginal fluid, you would expect to see it all along the condom and not just at the top. More probable is that your husband didn't leave a reservoir at the end of the condom that one time. With no place to go, his semen oozed up the side of the condom and started to come out the top. There is a remote chance to becoming pregnant from this, but it is a very small chance. Since you feel that your normal period is about to start, the likelihood that you had become pregnant is almost zero. If you do have your period, you did not become pregnant.
If pregnancy had occurred, taking birth control pills after the fact will not likely end the pregnancy. Actually, I would hope it would not because that would mean that a child was conceived and then aborted. The killing of a child, even at the beginning of life, is wrong. Birth control pills normally are taken for several months before doctors are fairly confident that a pregnancy will not occur. The primary purpose of a birth control pill is to stop you from releasing an egg, but that takes some time to take effect. It is the secondary purpose that I object to as a Christian and that is to abort a fertilized egg. But if you start the pill after the egg is already implanted, it won't stop the child from developing.
Women release an egg two weeks before the start of their next cycle. So if your next blood flow starts on the 20th, then you released an egg back on the 6th. The egg must meet up with a sperm on the day it is released. However, your husband's sperm can survive up to six days in your womb. So if you had sex anywhere from the 1st to the 6th without a condom, it is possible to get pregnant. From ejaculation it takes sperm less than 20 minutes to reach an egg if it is present. It takes about 4 days for a fertilized egg to implant itself in the womb. So, if you had released an egg on the 6th, then the egg would have been implanted by the 10th.
What causes spotting 5-6 days after ovulation other than being pregnant? Also, what causes burning nipples after that spotting occurs, again without being pregnant? I have had this occur for the past five months and the only thing that has changed is that I have less stress in my life and do not exercise as often? Thanks!
Spotting is not usually connected with pregnancy when it happens month after month. Regular spotting outside of the normal menstrual period is more often connected with using birth control pills or extreme stress in a woman's life. It is possible that your hormones are taking more extreme swings of late, which would also explain your tender nipples. If you are on a birth control pill, you should mention this to your gynecologist, who might decide to change your dosage. If this is happening and you are not on a birth control pill, you should still mention it to your gynecologist. Some diseases can throw your hormones off and this could be an early symptom. It is probably nothing but a normal "swing," but it is better to be safe and have it checked.
I'm 20 years old and have yet to be able to use a tampon. I had it checked out by my doctor and she first said I had a 'tough hymen' she checked it out about a year later and said I just had strong vaginal muscles. My boyfriend and I are talking about getting married and I'm worried about our wedding night. When I get married will I be able to have sex?
I did a little research on this problem and found this discussion on one web site:
Vaginismus
This is a disorder in which the muscles surrounding the outer third of the vagina opening go into involuntary spasms making sexual intercourse difficult or impossible. In addition, women with this condition may have difficulty using tampons and having a gynecological exams. Attempting sexual penetration may lead to pain, humiliation, feeling inadequate or fear of having sex.
Sexual abuse from childhood, rape or a painful first sexual experience is the most common psychological causes of vaginismus (a defense against recalling the painful memories). Other psychological causes are negative messages about sex, or premarital sex from parents or other sources, belief that one's vagina is too small and fear or guilt concerning intercourse or frightening childhood medical procedures. Other factors may be: fear of intimacy, fear of pregnancy and a woman unconsciously expressing anger towards her partner.
What I take from this is that some women, because of either bad past experience or strong emotional response to things of a sexual nature end up triggering a strong reflexive response without conscience thought. The answer then lies in the skill of your husband to help you relax. You too, knowing that you have this response, can start working at training yourself. For you, I would suggest that periodically you place a finger at the entrance of your vagina, and then start figuring out what muscles you need to relax. Don't get frustrated that it might take a bit to find them. Kegel exercises would also help because it helps you isolate the muscles that are being pulled tight. Once you know which ones they are, then you can make a conscience effort to cause them to relax.
For your husband, he needs to be told in advance that you have this problem. There are many things he can do slow down sexual intercourse and help you relax. Knowing what he will be facing in advance, he won't become frustrated, blame himself, or accidentally injure you. I would suggest that he talk to someone knowledgeable about sexual matters that he can trust a few months before your actual marriage. Please be careful who he selects. Bad advice can get the two of you off to a bad start.
Hi! I have been married for two years. Even before marriage, I have had problems with my periods; they have been irregular since I was 17. I will sometimes have one period in three months. I was checked by the doctor and she says everything is normal. Since I got married, I started to worried because I haven't been able to get pregnant. I consulted another doctor and she tell me that my hormones are high so I must reduce them. What should I do so to become pregnant?
When a woman experiences irregular periods, it is difficult to judge when is the best time to conceive a child. A woman releases an egg two weeks before her next period starts. Since you don't know when that time is, it makes it more difficult to become pregnant. Also, even knowing when a egg will be released, it takes most couples about one to two years to conceive a child and that is with the woman releasing an egg every month. You release fewer eggs than most women, so it will make it harder to become pregnant.
Also, the cause of your irregular periods is probably because of improper hormone levels in your body. But the same hormone problems could cause you to not be able to carry a child even if the child is conceived.
Most doctors are told to wait about two years to see a couple will be able to conceive on their own before trying to help with the process. Since there are know problems with your body, it would make sense to follow the doctor's advice to get your periods more regular. You might be fortunate and find yourself pregnant as a result.
I am 27. Three months ago I got married and have had my regular periods since then. My cycle is usually 25 days. This month I was expecting my periods to be on by the 17th of this month as I had my periods on the 19th or the 20th last month. I have yet not got them. I have recently joined the gym this month and am working out for the past 15 days. Is this the reason of my periods being delayed? I don't want to be pregnant now. How can I know if I am pregnant? If I am, what should I do next? Will an abortion increase the chance of me not conceiving in the future?
Many things can throw a cycle off. It doesn't have to be the exercise, though extreme exercise can alter a woman's menstrual period.
I certainly hope you are not pregnant because it is very obvious that you are not fit to be a mother at this time. The utter selfish attitude that you display is appalling. "But know this, that in the last days perilous times will come: For men will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobedient to parents, unthankful, unholy, unloving, unforgiving, slanderers, without self-control, brutal, despisers of good, traitors, headstrong, haughty, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God, having a form of godliness but denying its power. And from such people turn away!" (II Timothy 3:1-5). The idea that you would consider murdering your own innocent child simply because you find it inconvenient to be pregnant at this time is disgusting. It is you who decided to marry and have sex with your husband. Such is right and proper, but to then turn around and consider murdering the result of you and your husband's lovemaking over such a selfish attitude!
I won't comment on the chances that an abortion will harm your ability to conceive in the future, but it will increase your chances of facing God's wrath. "These six things the LORD hates, yes, seven are an abomination to Him: A proud look, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood, a heart that devises wicked plans, feet that are swift in running to evil, a false witness who speaks lies, and one who sows discord among brethren" (Proverbs 6:16-19).
Hi! I'm a female, 44 years of age. I've been trying to have kids, but to no avail. I have had four miscarriages. I've seen doctors and they all give different reasons. With the last doctor, she told me I do not have any more eggs and suggested I go for donor eggs. But I don't think so. Can you please tell me what is going on, and what step to take next? I'm trusting in the Lord but sometimes fear sets in. Please help.
Is it possible for the tubes to stay open after they've been operated on? Is it possible to ovulate if you do not have any more eggs?
At 44 you are at the late end for having children. The problem would not be a lack of eggs because every woman is born with more eggs than she can ovulate in a lifetime. More likely the doctor was trying to simplify the answer. Typically a woman in her late forties and early fifties is heading towards menopause. As a result the regular hormone cycle that you have grown used to is shifting. One result of that shift is that you don't release eggs as regularly as you used to do. Another result is that your body has difficulty switching into pregnancy mode.
It is possible still to have a child, but typically it takes the use of hormone shots over a period of time to make up for the shifting hormones in your body. I can't say what is needed in your case since I am not a doctor, nor have I seen the results of the tests the doctors have performed on you.
Depending on the operation done to your tubes, they may have closed off due to scar tissue. The fallopian tubes are very small, any damage to them can easily cause the tubes to become too small to allow an egg to pass through.
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